Journal List J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019 PMC6745769 J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019; 10 75. Yumei Zhao, Gang Tian, Daiwen Chen, Ping Zheng, Jie Yu, Jun He, Xiangbing Mao, Zhiqing Huang, Yuheng Luo, Junqiu Luo, and Bing YuAbstractBackgroundThis study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing barrows ± kg were randomly assigned to 7 diets. Diet 1 the high crude protein diet with balanced for 10 essential amino acids EAAs. Diet 2 the medium crude protein diet with 2% approx decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs. Diet 3 the low crude protein diet with 4% decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs. The protein levels of Diet 4, 5, 6 and 7 were the same as that of Diet 3. Diet 4 was only balanced for lysine Lys, methionine Met, threonine Thr and tryptophan Trp; Diet 5 and 6 were further supplemented with extra isoleucine Ile or valine Val, respectively; Diet 7 was further supplemented with extra Ile + the 112 days trial, the reduction of dietary protein by 2% or 4% with balanced10 EAAs significantly decreased nitrogen excretion P In low protein diet, Val supplementation significantly increased body weight gain at 25–50 kg phase P The total N excretion of pigs supplemented with only Lys, Met, Thr and Trp was numerically higher than that of pigs fed with extra Ile, or Val, or Ile + Val low protein diet, Val is more required than Ile in the early growing phage 25–50 kg, while Ile becomes more required in the late growing and finishing phage 75–125 kg.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized Growing-finishing pigs, Growth performance, Isoleucine, Low protein diets, Nitrogen excretion, ValineBackgroundOn the economic and environmental perspectives, the reduction of dietary crude protein and the supplementation with crystalline amino acids were the effective strategies for the swine industry to reduce the cost and pollution [1, 2]. It has been reported that the total N excretion is reduced by approximately 8% for every 1 % unit reduction in dietary CP [3]. Previous studies showed that the 4% reduction of CP in diet does not influence growth performance in pigs from growing to finishing when supplemented with crystalline Lys, Trp, Thr and Met [4–7]. However, the opposite result was reported thatreducing dietary protein by 4% and supplementing Lys, Trp, Thr and Met decrease the average daily gain ADG in 20–50 kg pigs [8]. Moreover, reducing dietary protein levels by 5% in 20–50 kg pigs, significantly decreases growth performance [9], probably due to the deficiency of other essential amino acids EAAs in the low protein EAAs were required in pigs for the maximum of nitrogen deposition [10]. However, it was impossible to balance 10 EAAs in diets due to the high cost. Thus, supplementation of the first four limiting amino acids Lys, Met,Trp and Thr or even fewer is a common strategy in pig production. As mentioned, when the dietary protein level was reduced by more than 4%, the supplementation of the only first four limiting amino acids might affect the growth performance in growing-finishing pigs [8, 9, 11]. Thus, it is necessary to find an economical supplementation pattern that can ensurethe normal growth of pigs. Val and Ile are the fifth and sixth limiting AA in growing-finishing pigs [12]. Val, Ile and leucine Leu are branched-chain amino acids and play important roles in protein deposition and normal physiological functions in the body. Due to the similar structure, branched-chain amino acids compete with each other for the absorption, transportation and degradation [13]. In diets with corn as the main ingredient, Leu content generally exceeds the needs of pigs, which may decrease the decomposition of Val and Ile and exacerbate the lack of these two amino acids [14, 15]. Several studies have investigated the effects of Val and Ile in low protein diets on the growth performance of piglets and growing pigs [12, 16–18]. However, there are limited data available in finishing objective of this experiment was to estimate the effects of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns including Val and Ile in low protein diets on growth performance, carcass characteristic and nitrogen excretion of the growing-finishing animals and dietsThe experiment was conducted in the Metabolism Laboratory of the Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University Yaan, China.A total of 42 barrows [Landrace×Yorkshire × Duroc; initial body weight ± kg] were randomly allotted to seven diets based on the initial weight n = 6. The trial lasted 112 days and was divided into four weight phases 25–50 kg, 50–75 kg, 75–100 kg and 100–125 kg. The 7 diets were Diet 1, the high crude protein diet HCP, protein levels in the four phases were and respectively, and balanced for 10 EAAs; Diet 2, the medium crude protein diet MCP, based on the NRC 2012 recommendation, protein levels in the four phases were and respectively, and 10 EAAs were balanced. The dietary protein level of Diet 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 the low crude protein diets, LCP was decreased by 4% on the basis of Diet 1. Additionally, Diet 3 balanced for 10 EAAs; Diet 4 only balanced for Lys, Met, Thr and Trp; Diet 5 and 6 were further supplemented with extra Ile or Val, respectively; Diet 7 was further supplemented with extra Ile + Val. The NE level of Diet 1 and Diet 2 was MJ/kg according to NRC 2012 [19]; the NE level of Diet 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 was MJ/kg according to the results of Yi et al. [8], which found that the NE level should be reduced to obtain optimal carcass characteristics in low protein diet. All pigs were individually housed in stainless-steel metabolism crates m × m × m.Experimental diets were mainly composed of corn, wheat bran, soybean meal and rapeseed meal. Dietary protein level was reduced by replacing part of soybean meal with corn and wheat bran. Experimental diets were formulated on the basis of the standardized ileal digestible amino acids and NE system. Feed ingredients samples were collected for crude protein and amino acid analysis before the feed formulation, and the standard ileal digestible amino acid of the diets was calculated according to the standard ileal digestibility in the Table of China Feed Composition and Nutritional Value 25th ed., 2014. Nutrients in the diets met or exceeded the nutrient requirement recommended by NRC 2012 except dietary CP and NE Table 1 and Additional file 1 Table S1-S4. Limitation order of EAAs in low protein diets showed in Table 2. Table 1Nutrient levels of dietsWeight phaseNutrientHCP3MCP4 − 2%LCP5 − 4%25–50, kgCP1, % MJ/ kgCP, % MJ/ kgCP, % MJ/ kgCP, % MJ/ 2Limitation order of essential amino acids in low protein dietsItem25–50, kg Phase50–75, kg Phase75–100, kg Phase100–125, kg PhaseFirst limiting AALys %Lys %Lys %Lys %Second limiting AAMet %Thr %Thr %Thr %Third limiting AAThr %Trp %Trp %Trp %Fourth limiting AATrp %Met %Met %Ile %Fifth limiting AAVal %Ile %Ile %Met %Sixth limiting AAIle %Val %Val %Val %Seventh limiting AAHis %His %Phe %Eighth limiting AAPhe %Phe %His %The percentages in parentheses represent the ratio of the amino acids content in the low protein diet−4% without addition of synthetic amino acids to the NRC 2012 recommendationPigs were fed at 800, 1400 and 2000 ad libitum with free access to water. Pigs were individually weighed at each weight phase shift, and the daily feed consumption of each pig was recorded. The data was used to calculate average daily feed intake ADFI, average daily gain ADG and feed-to-gain ratio F /G ratio.Nitrogen balance andammonia emissionstudyIn the last four days of each phase, all pigs were subjected to a 4-day total faeces and urine collection. At the end of the collection period, four day’s fecal samples from each pig were pooled. 500 g fecal sample was dried in a forced-draft oven at 65 °C, grounded through a sifter, and kept at − 20 °C for further analysis. Urine was collected and recorded daily at the same time as the faecal collection. At the end of the collection period, four day’s urine samples from each pig were pooled, and a 100 mL subsample stored at − 20 °C for further analysis. Additionally, on the last day of the collection, fresh feces 100 g and urine 100 mL from each pig were immediately placed into a 10-L bucket. The ammonia concentration in the bucket at 0 h and 4 h were measured by portable ammonia detector APES-NH3200-H, Empaer, Shenzhen, China.Blood sample collectionAt the end of the trial day 113, blood samples were collected via jugular vein puncture after a 12-h overnight fasting. Blood samples were centrifuged 3,000×g for 15 min at 4 °C and serum samples were stored at − 20 ° of carcass characteristics and organ indexAfter blood sampling, all pigs were slaughtered following a standard procedure at the end of the trial. After exsanguination and evisceration, carcass was split through the midline, and the hot carcass weight including kidney and leaf fat was recorded to calculate dressing percentages. Internal organs were removed and weighed to calculate organ index, which is the percentage of the organ weight to the live weight of the pig. The other carcass traits were measured obtained from the left side of the carcass, including average backfat thicknesses average of first- rib, last-rib and last-lumbar fat thickness, carcass length and loin-eye area The measurement position of loin-eye area is the cross-section of the longissimus dorsi muscle at the junction of the thoracolumbar segment, and the measurement method is used a vernier caliper to measure the maximum height and width of the eye muscle, and the calculation formula is loin-eye area = length × width × analysis of samplesFor determining nitrogen-balance, crude protein of experimental diets, faeces and urine samples were analyzed according to AOAC 984. 13 [21].The concentration of serum urea nitrogen SUN, total protein TP and albumin ALB were analyzed using assay kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China.Ammonia nitrogen NH3-N concentration in serum and faeces was determined spectrophotometrically according to Nessler reagent with yellow coloring and photometering at a wavelength of 420 measurements were determined in analysisDiet 1, diet 2 and diet 3 groups were compared to explore the effect of different dietary protein levels in the same amino acid supplementation pattern, diet 3, diet 4, diet 5, diet 6 and diet 7 groups were compared to explore the effect of different amino acid supplementation patterns at the same dietary protein level. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA for a randomized complete block design using the SPSS statistical software package SPSS differences between diets were separated by Duncan’s multiple range tests. All data were expressed as the mean ± SE. A difference was considered significant at P which was consistent with previous research [23–25]. We also found that a 4% reduction in dietary protein with balanced for 10 EAAs had no negative effect on pig growth performance P > However, if only balanced for Lys, Met, Thr and Trp, 4% reduction of dietary protein increased F/G ratio, indicating other essential amino acids were lacking in the low protein diets. In 25–50 kg pigs, Val supplementation significantly increased ADFI and ADG P reduction of feed intake in Ile alone group in 50–75 kg phase was smaller than that in 25–50 kg phase, which indicated that the lack of Val was relieved in 50–75 kg phase. In both 75–100 kg phase and 100–125 kg phase, supplementation of Ile alone significantly improved the ADFI and ADG P suggesting dietary CP level had a greater influence on the organ index than amino acid balance emission of growing-finishing pigsAlbumin ALB and globulin in serum reflect protein synthesis and nutritional status. Serum urea nitrogen SUN was an end product of the metabolism of proteins and amino acids, and its concentration was negative correlated with the utilization of proteins and amino acids [36]. NH3-N is a metabolite of intestinal microbial decomposition of protein and amino acids, which reflects the utilization of protein and amino acids. In this study, with balanced 10 EAAs, a 2% or 4% reduction in dietary protein significantly decreased the concentration of SUN P < but did not affect serum TP, ALB and NH3-N contents Table 5. Similar results were found in Figueroa et al. [16], in which a 4% reduction of dietary protein significantly reduces the concentration of SUN in growing pigs. Furthermore, in low protein diet, addition of extra Ile significantly reduced the concentration of serum NH3-N P < compared with diet only balanced for Lys, Met, Thr and Trp. It was indicated that supplementation with Ile improved the amino acid balance in low protein diets and increased N utilization resulting in lower NH3-N levels. There was no significant difference in serum SUN, TP and ALB between the different amino acids addition diets, which was consistent with previous studies [18, 34]. Lordelo et al. [18] suggested that the changes in the concentration of serum amino acid and urea nitrogen had no aid in the identification of limiting amino acids in the diet. Table 5Blood profiles of finishing pigs fed low protein diet supplemented with different amino acids n = 6ItemHCPMCP −2, %LCP−4, % P 1 P 2 10 EAAs10 EAAs10 EAAsLys, Met, Thr,TrpLys, Met,Thr,Trp, IleLys, Met, Thr,Trp, ValLys, Met, Thr,Trp, Ile, ValSUN, mmol/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± mg/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± the dietary protein level and supplementation of crystalline amino acids is an effective way to reduce N excretion without affecting animal growth performance. In this study, when the dietary protein level was reduced by 2% or 4% and balancing 10 EAAs, total nitrogen excretion decreased by and respectively P < Table 6, which was consistent with previous studies [37, 38]. Also, the N intake and N excretion in 4% lower protein diet were and less than that of the 2% reduction diet, respectively. This result indicated that total N excretion could be reduced by for every one percent reduction in dietary protein, consisting with the previous summary [35]. In 4% lower protein diet, the total N excretion in groups supplemented with only Lys, Met, Thr and Trp was numerically higher than that of other groups. Specifically, in the 25–50 kg phase, the total N excretion was higher than that of 10 EAAs balanced diet and higher than that of Ile alone addition diet. In summary, both dietary protein levels and amino acid balance patterns would affect the utilization and excretion of N. Table 6Nitrogen balance of growing-finishing pigs fed low protein diet supplemented with different amino acids n = 6ItemHCPMCP − 2, %LCP− 4, % P 1 P 2 10 EAAs10 EAAs10 EAAsLys, Met,Thr,TrpLys, Met,Thr,Trp, IleLys, Met,Thr,Trp, ValLys, Met,Thr,Trp, Ile, Val PhaseI 25–50, kg N intake, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± FN, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± UN, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T N, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± R N, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± N retention, % ± ± ± ± ± ± ± N ABV, % ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase II 50–75, kg N intake g/d ± ± ± ± ± ± ± FN g/d ± ± ± ± ± ± ± UN g/d ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T N g/d ± ± ± ± ± ± ± R N g/d ± ± ± ± ± ± ± N retention rate % ± ± ± ± ± ± ± N ABV% ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase III 75–100, kg N intake, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± FN, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± UN, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T N, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± R N, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± N retention, % ± ± ± ± ± ± ± N ABV, % ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase IV 100–125, kg N intake, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± FN, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± UN, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T N, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± R N, g/ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± N retention, % ± ± ± ± ± ± ± N ABV, % ± ± ± ± ± ± ± nitrogen in urine is mainly in the form of urea. When mixed with faeces, urea can be quickly decomposed into carbon dioxide and ammonia by the urease in the faeces [39, 40]. Therefore, the volatilization of ammonia in pig excreta is closely related to the amount of nitrogen excretion. Several studies found that low-protein diets can reduce nitrogen excretion and ammonia emissions [41, 42]. In this study, 2% lower protein diet with balanced 10 EAAs significantly decreased slurry ammonia volatilization at 4 h in each phaseP < 4% lower dietary protein diet significantly decreased slurry ammonia volatilization at 0 h and 4 h in each phase P < Table 7. However, there was no significant difference in slurry ammonia volatilization at 0 h and 4 h between the different amino acids balanced patterns of low protein diets. It suggested that the volatilization of excrement ammonia was mainly affected by dietary protein level. Table 7Slurry NH3 emission of growing-finishing pigs fed low protein diet supplemented with different amino acids n = 6ItemHCPMCP − 2, %LCP − 4, % P 1 P 2 10 EAAs10 EAAs10 EAAsLys, Met,Thr,TrpLys, Met,Thr,Trp, IleLys, Met,Thr,Trp, ValLys, Met,Thr,Trp, Ile, Val 0 h, mg/m 3 Phase I 50, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase II 75, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase III 100, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase IV 125, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4 h, mg/m 3 Phase I 50, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase II 75, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase III 100, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Phase IV 125, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± together, 2% or 4% decreases in dietary protein levels with balanced 10 EAAs had no significant effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics but significantly reduced nitrogen excretion in pigs. In 4% lower protein diets, Val supplementation significantly increased body weight gain at 25-50 kg phase, while Ile supplementation at 75-100 kg phase and 100–125 kg phase significantly reduced the ratio of feed to gain. The total N excretion of pigs supplemented with only Lys, Met, Thr and Trp was numerically higher than that of pigs fed with extra Ile, or Val, or Ile + Val diets. These results indicated that in low protein diet, Val is more required than Ile in the early growing phage 25–50 kg, while Ile becomes more required in the late growing and finishing phage 75–125 kg.Additional file AcknowledgementsWe thank Dr. Hui Yan of Washington University in St. Louis for editing the acidsADFIAverage daiy feed intakeADGAverage daiy gainALBAlbuminCPCrude proteinEAAEssential amnio acidsF/GFeed to gain ratioNENet energyNH3-NAmmonia nitrogenNRCNational research councilTPTotal proteinAuthors’ contributionsYMZ and BY designed and performed the experiment, analyzed the data and wrote the paper. GT, DWC, PZ and JY helped to design the experiment. JH, XMB, ZQH, YHL and JQL helped to performe the experiment and collect samples. All authors read and approved the final study was supported by the Grant from the Science and Technology Support Program of Sichuan Province 2015NZ0042, 2016NZ006 and National Key R&D Program of China 2018YFD0500605.Availability of data and materialsThe data analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable approvalThe experimental protocols used in the current study were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Sichuan Province Case No. SYXK Sichuan, China2014–187 and followed the guidelines for animal welfare established by this for publicationNot interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interestsReferences1. Kendall DC, Gaines AM, Kerr BJ, Allee GL. True ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratios in ninety- to one hundred twenty-five-kilogram barrows. J Anim Sci. 2007;85113004–3012. doi [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]2. Chen HY, Yi XW, Zhang GJ, Lu N, Chu LC, Thacker PA, et al. 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perkembanganpada makhluk hidup. Siswa mampu mempresentasikan hasil diskusi kelompok kecil dan menyimpulkan perbedaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada makhluk hidup. B. Langkah-Langkah Pembelajaran Alokasi Waktu Kegiatan Deskripsi Kegiatan 1. Pendahuluan Orientasi Membuka kegiatan dengan 2 menit mengucapkan salam, berdo'a dan menanyakan kabar

- Black panther atau macan kumbang memiliki nama latin Panthera Pardus Melas. Black panther atau macan kumbang cukup langka. Karena berwarna hitam dengan kemampuan berburu mangsa yang luar biasa, macan kumbang dijuluki dengan sebutan "the ghost of the forest" atau hantu hutan rimba. Disebut hantu lantaran macan kumbang memiliki warna hitam pekat, yang membuatnya tak terlihat mata hewan lain jika berkeliaran di malam dari Ripleys, banyak orang mengira macan kumbang atau black panther adalah spesies kucing besar tersendiri yang berbeda dari spesies macan tutul, jaguar dan lain-lainnya. Padahal black panther adalah spesies yang sama, hanya saja ia mengalami kelainan pigmen yang dinamakan melanisme. Baca juga Beberapa Penyebab Binatang Bisa Hidup Ratusan Tahun Apa itu melanisme? Macan kumbang sebenarnya adalah macan tutul atau jaguar yang memiliki kelainan pigmen melanisme. Di Afrika dan Asia, macan kumbang yang ditemukan adalah jenis macan tutul yang mengalami melanisme. Sedangkan di Amerika tengah, selatan dan utara, jenis macan kumbang yang ada adalah jaguar yang mengalami melanisme. Unsplash/Mana5280 Melanisme yang terjadi pada black panther membuat matanya berwarna jenis macan kumbang ini juga memiliki bintik atau motif layaknya jaguar dan macan tutul, hanya saja motif ini tak terlihat karena tertutup pigmen bulu dan kulit yang sangat gelap pekat. Melanisme atau melanistik adalah kebalikan dari albinisme atau albino. Dalam albinisme, yang terjadi adalah adanya kelainan pada produksi melanin dalam tubuh sehingga pigmen kulit menjadi sangat kurang dan membuat manusia atau hewan memiliki kulit yang berwarna sangat pucat, putih dan terang. Sedangkan dalam melanisme, terjadi mutasi genetik pada Agouti Signalling Protein ASP atau pada gen Melanocortin-1. Kedua gen ini adalah properti yang mempengaruhi melanin dan pigmen macan kumbang, mutasi ini membuat produksi melanin menjadi sangat berlebihan, sehingga membuat kulit dan bulu yang tumbuh menjadi berwarna hitam, pekat dan gelap. Produksi melanin berlebih ini juga membuat mata macan kumbang menyala kuning terang. Sebaliknya, makhluk hidup yang mengalami albinisme biasanya memiliki mata dengan warna merah atau merah muda. Baca juga Binatang-binatang yang Kecerdasannya Menyamai Manusia Hewan-hewan yang mengalami melanisme Melanisme bisa terjadi pada binatang apa saja. Selain terjadi pada macan tutul dan jaguar, melanisme juga bisa terjadi pada penguin, tupai, kucing, burung, kura-kura, kelinci, buaya juga serigala. Unsplash/Cory Thorkelson Serigala yang mengalami melanisme juga memiliki bulu hitam dan mata berwarna kuning Brightside, melanisme bisa lahir dari orang tua dengan pigmen yang normal. Dan sebaliknya, macan kumbang hitam pekat bisa melahirkan macan tutul dengan warna kuning terang yang normal. Terkadang dalam satu kehamilan, bisa didapati dua bayi macan tutul dengan kondisi pigmen berbeda, satu normal dan satunya lagi dalam kondisi pigmen berlebihan. Jika albinisme seringnya terjadi pada binatang berkelamin betina, melanisme justru lebih sering terjadi pada binatang jantan. Ada banyak keuntungan dari kelainan pigmen ini. Bagi predator seperti black panther, warna hitam pada tubuhnya bisa menyatu dengan warna malam dan membuat mereka lebih mudah memangsa hewan buruan. Sedangkan melanisme pada reptil, bisa membuat mereka menjaga suhu tubuh tetap hangat di cuaca yang tengah dingin sekalipun. Baca juga Macan Tutul Jawa Terekam Kamera di Gunung Sanggabuana, Karawang Dapatkan update berita pilihan dan breaking news setiap hari dari Mari bergabung di Grup Telegram " News Update", caranya klik link kemudian join. Anda harus install aplikasi Telegram terlebih dulu di ponsel. Sedangkankelemahan . Keuntungan menggunakan inseminasi buatan adalah bahwa waktu kopulasi (perkawinan) dapat terjadi lebih cepat dan sesuai dengan yang kita inginkan. mortalitas dan perubahan kondisi makhluk hidup, yaitu kejadian-kejadian didalamnya terdapat kehidupan. Keadaan lingkungan alam merupakan faktor penting bagi kehidupan manusia

Tidak semua orang memiliki warna kulit yang sama. Beberapa orang ada yang mengalami kelainan pigmentasi kulit yang disebabkan oleh faktor genetik, kondisi lingkungan, serta jumlah melanin dalam tubuh. Yuk, kenali apa itu pigmentasi dan jenis-jenis kelainan pigmen kulit selengkapnya dalam artikel berikut ini. Apa itu pigmentasi? Banyak orang yang salah mengartikan pigmentasi sebagai kelainan pigmen pada kulit bernama hiperpigmentasi. Faktanya, pigmentasi adalah proses pewarnaan alami akibat adanya pigmen kulit. Pigmen kulit yang berperan memberi warna pada kulit, rambut, dan bola mata dikenal bernama melanin. Melanin dihasilkan oleh sel-sel melanosit. Akan tetapi, sel-sel ini dapat mengalami kerusakan akibat faktor genetik, paparan sinar matahari terlalu lama atau berlebihan, efek samping pengobatan, hingga kondisi medis tertentu. Jika sel-sel melanosit mengalami kerusakan maka terjadi kelainan pigmen kulit. Kondisi ini umumnya terbagi menjadi dua kondisi. Pertama, hiperpigmentasi ketika jumlah pigmen pemberi warna terlalu banyak. Semakin banyak pigmen melanin yang dimiliki seseorang maka warna kulitnya akan semakin gelap. Sedangkan, hipopigmentasi ketika jumlah pigmen pemberi warna terlalu sedikit sehingga warna kulit akan cenderung lebih terang daripada kulit normal di sekitarnya atau dikenal dengan. Jenis-jenis kelainan pigmentasi kulit Kelainan pigmentasi terdiri dari berbagai jenis. Kemunculannya ada yang hanya terdapat pada sebagian kecil area kulit tertentu, tetapi ada pula yang menyerang seluruh kulit tubuh. Seperti yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya, kelainan pigmentasi kulit terbagi menjadi dua kondisi, yaitu hiperpigmentasi dan hipopigmentasi. Apa perbedaan keduanya? 1. Hiperpigmentasi kulit Hiperpigmentasi adalah kondisi kelainan pigmen kulit yang ditandai dengan munculnya bercak gelap pada kulit. Masalah kulit ini dapat disebabkan oleh produksi melanin secara berlebihan. Alhasil, bercak kulit menggelap muncul lebih banyak dibandingkan kulit normal di sekitarnya. Ada beberapa faktor atau kondisi yang dapat meningkatkan produksi melanin dalam tubuh sehingga muncul kondisi hiperpigmentasi kulit. Misalnya Peradangan atau cedera pada kulit, seperti jerawat, luka gores, atau luka bakar. Paparan sinar matahari terlalu sering atau lama. Penuaan kulit. Perubahan hormon, termasuk selama hamil atau akibat kondisi medis tertentu. Penggunaan obat-obat tertentu, seperti pil KB, obat kemoterapi, serta obat yang dapat meningkatkan sensitivitas kulit terhadap matahari. Penyakit Addison, yakni kondisi medis yang menyerang kelenjar adrenal, tetapi dapat menyebabkan hiperpigmentasi kulit pada beberapa area tubuh yang mudah terpapar sinar matahari. Contohnya, wajah, leher, tangan, siku, dan lutut. Hemokromatosis, yaitu kondisi yang menyebabkan tubuh memiliki kadar zat besi terlalu banyak. Produksi pigmen melanin berlebih membuat kulit jadi lebih gelap Jenis-jenis hiperpigmentasi kulit, meliputi Melasma, merupakan kondisi yang ditandai dengan munculnya bercak gelap yang luas pada kulit, terutama pada area wajah, tetapi juga dapat muncul pada area kulit lain, termasuk perut. Melasma adalah jenis hiperpigmentasi kulit yang disebabkan oleh perubahan hormon. Kondisi kulit ini umum terjadi pada wanita hamil. Lentigo adalah bintik-bintik berwarna cokelat atau hitam pada kulit. Biasanya, bintik lentigo terdapat pada area kulit yang sering terpapar sinar matahari dalam jangka panjang selama bertahun-tahun. Misalnya, wajah, tangan, dan bahu. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation atau hiperpigmentasi pascainflamasi. Hiperpigmentasi ini dapat terjadi akibat adanya peradangan atau cedera pada kulit, seperti jerawat, eksim, hingga lupus. Maka dari itu, ada beberapa area kulit yang warnanya lebih gelap dibandingkan bagian kulit lain setelah terjadinya peradangan tersebut. Hiperpigmentasi kulit akibat penggunaan obat-obatan. Penggunaan obat-obatan, seperti obat antimalaria, obat antidepresan golongan trisiklik, hingga obat kemoterapi. Selain itu, bahan kimia dalam sejumlah obat oles juga dapat memicu hiperpigmentasi. 2. Hipopigmentasi kulit Hipopigmentasi adalah masalah kulit yang terjadi akibat kurangnya pigmen melanin, sehingga muncul bercak-bercak kulit berwarna lebih terang daripada kulit normal di sekitarnya. Kondisi ini dapat dialami pada orang dari semua ras, tetapi mungkin lebih mudah terlihat pada orang dengan kulit lebih gelap karena kontras antara warna kulit alami dan bercak putih. Pada dasarnya, penyebab hipopigmentasi adalah adanya riwayat kerusakan pada jaringan kulit, seperti infeksi kulit, lecet, peradangan, luka bakar, hingga trauma lain pada kulit. Vitiligo salah satu contoh gangguan pigmentasi kulit Jenis-jenis hipopigmentasi kulit adalah sebagai berikut. Albinisme. Albinisme adalah kondisi kelainan akibat mutasi genetik sehingga membuat warna kulit terlalu pucat bahkan tidak berwarna sama sekali. Vitiligo adalah kondisi yang menyebabkan warna kulit menjadi lebih terang daripada warna kulit di sekitarnya. Para ahli percaya bahwa penyakit autoimun yang menyebabkan rusaknya sel-sel pembentuk pigmen melanin. Pityriasis alba adalah kondisi kulit yang berwarna putih yang sebelumnya sempat memerah dan mengelupas. Penyebab pastinya belum dapat diketahui secara pasti, tetapi dipercaya ada kaitannya dengan eksim dan paparan sinar matahari. Adakah cara mengatasi kelainan pigmen kulit? Pada dasarnya, kelainan pigmen kulit bukan merupakan kondisi yang berbahaya. Akan tetapi, kemunculannya tentu dapat menurunkan rasa percaya diri, bahkan mengganggu penampilan. Untuk mengatasi kelainan pigmen kulit, hal ini tergantung pada kondisi kulit yang dialami. Maka dari itu, Anda disarankan untuk berkonsultasi dengan dokter spesialis kulit terlebih dahulu guna mendapatkan rekomendasi pengobatan atau perawatan yang tepat. Berikut adalah cara mengatasi kelainan pigmen kulit yang umumnya direkomendasikan oleh dokter. Misalnya 1. Penggunaan salep atau obat oles Penggunaan salep dengan kandungan tertentu bisa menjadi solusi Salah satu cara mengatasi kelainan pigmen kulit bisa dengan penggunaan salep atau obat oles. Untuk mengatasi kelainan pigmen kulit akibat produksi melanin terlalu berlebih, Anda dapat menggunakan salep azelaic acid, kortikosteroid, hidrokuinon, kojic acid, retinoid, vitamin C, dan niacinamide. Salep kortikosteroid juga dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi perubahan warna kulit akibat hipopigmentasi. Pada penderita pityriasis alba misalnya, krim antiradang mungkin diresepkan guna melembapkan sekaligus mempercepat proses penyembuhan. Sedangkan, kasus hipopigmentasi yang disebabkan oleh panu, krim antijamur akan diresepkan untuk membunuh jamur yang hidup pada kulit. Dengan begitu, hipopigmentasi kulit dapat berangsur sembuh. 2. Prosedur perawatan kulit tertentu Chemical peeling dilakukan untuk mempercepat regenerasi sel kulit Pada beberapa kasus, dokter mungkin akan merekomendasikan prosedur perawatan kulit tertentu guna meningkatkan atau meratakan warna kulit. Beberapa prosedur perawatan kulit yang dimaksud, antara lain Dermabrasi, yaitu prosedur pengelupasan kulit menggunakan alat khusus yang berputar untuk mengangkat lapisan luar kulit. Chemical peeling, yakni prosedur yang dilakukan untuk mengangkat lapisan kulit paling atas sehingga mempercepat regenerasi sel kulit. Dengan ini, area kulit yang terkelupas akan tergantikan dengan sel kulit baru yang lebih sehat. Terapi laser atau laser resurfacing. Prosedur perawatan untuk mengatasi masalah kulit akibat faktor usia, paparan sinar matahari, hingga perubahan hormon. Namun pada kasus jenis hipopigmentasi seperti vitiligo, ada beberapa perawatan kulit tertentu yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi bercak putih pada kulit. Salah satunya adalah terapi menggunakan UVB yang dilakukan 2-3 kali dalam seminggu selama beberapa bulan lamanya. Sementara itu, hingga saat ini belum ada pengobatan untuk mengatasi hipopigmentasi oleh penderita albinisme. Baca Juga10 Cara Menghilangkan Hitam di Leher yang Mengganggu PenampilanPilih Krim Penghilang Flek Hitam dengan Kandungan yang Cocok untuk Kulit AndaEnzim Katalase, Si Penjaga Tubuh dari Beragam Penyakit Pigmentasi merupakan hal yang normal terjadi. Pigmentasi kulit dapat mengalami gangguan apabila produksi melanin terjadi secara berlebihan hiperpigmentasi, serta jika produksi melanin terlalu sedikit hipopigmentasi. Pada dasarnya, kedua kondisi ini tidak membahayakan. Akan tetapi, jika Anda merasa masalah kulit ini dapat mengganggu penampilan dan menurunkan rasa percaya diri. Segera konsultasikan dengan dokter spesialis kulit. Anda pun dapat bertanya langsung dengan dokter di aplikasi kesehatan keluarga SehatQ. Download sekarang di App Store dan Google Play.

Kondisimahkluk hidup adalah keadaan fisologi serta patologi makhluk hidup yang dapat mempengaruhi ketersediaan racun di sel sasaran dan keefektifan antaraksi antara keduanya (keadaan fisiologi dan patologi makhluk hidup). Keadaan fisilogi mencakup berat badan, umur, jenis kelamin, kehamilan, suhu tubuh, kecepatan pengosongan lambung, kecepatan

NilaiJawabanSoal/Petunjuk ALBINO Kondisi Makhluk Hidup Yang Kekurangan Pigmen EMAS MAS 1 logam mulia logam yang mahal harganya, berwarna kuning mengkilap biasa dibuat perhiasan seperti cincin, kalung; 2 ki uang; harta duniawi; 3 ki ua... SUSU Air yang berwarna putih BUNGA Bagian tumbuhan biasanya berwarna elok dan harum MATA 1 alat pancaindaria pd muka manusia atau binatang yang digunakan untuk melihat; indaria untuk melihat; indaria penglihat; 2 sesuatu yang menyerupai m... AMO Tungau berwarna putih, berjalan cepat, hidup di sekam padi MUTIARA Bola Bola Berwarna Putih Mengkilap Biasanya Dijadikan Kalung ANDAN Orang yang kulitnya putih karena kekurangan pigmen, bulai, albino DALMATIAN Jenis ras anjing, biasanya bulunya berwarna putih dengan bintik-bintik hitam KLEM Paku penjepit kabel berbentuk seperti huruf n, biasanya berwarna putih BULAI Putih seluruh tubuh dan rambutnya karena kekurangan pigmen; balar; sabun BLEKOK Burung bangau berwarna kuning putih atau coklat, hidup di daerah pertanian berawa berair, Ardeola speciosa TELEKUNG Kain selubung berjahit biasanya berwarna putih untuk menutup aurat wanita Islam pd waktu salat; mukena ABU-ABU Warna kelabu; warna seperti abu kayu terbakar, terjadi dengan mencampur pigmen hitam dan putih sama banyaknya; keabu-abuan berwarna agak kelabu; mendekati warna kelabu ALBINOID 1 kerbau atau sapi yang berkulit putih, tidak berpigmen, tetapi tanduk dan kukunya berwarna hitam karena masih mengandung pigmen sapi - 2 mirip orang bulai CENDAWAN Bio golongan jamur tidak berdaun, dan membiak dengan spora yang besar, umumnya berbentuk payung banyak macamnya seperti; sebagai - dibasuh dises... UBAN Rambut berwarna putih LESI Pucat PALLADIUM Logam berwarna putih SERBAPUTIH Semuanya berwarna putih SOTONG 1 hewan laut yang termasuk golongan moluska, kelas Cephalopoda, tidak bertulang belakang, menggunakan kepala sebagai alat untuk bergerak, mempunyai s... SEPAT Ikan yang hidup di air tawar berbentuk pipih, bersisik halus, berwarna keperak- perakan, biasanya dijadikan ikan kering atau ikan asin; bagai anak -... TIKAR Anyaman daun pandan, mendong, dsb untuk lapik duduk tidur, salat, dsb; ganti menggantikan - lepas bantal berganti -, pb mengawini istri kakak... BENDERA Sepotong kain yang berbentuk segi empat atau segitiga, biasanya diikatkan pd tiang, dipergunakan sebagai lambang negara, per-kumpulan, atau tanda; pa... JAMBU Pohon, bercabang banyak, daunnya meter, bunganya berwarna putih atau kehijauan dan berambut halus yang menjadi kering cokelat atau hitam ketika bunga...

BintangBrilliant Desember 30, 2019 1. Makhluk hidup dan proses kehidupan teremaya dekat dengan kita. Cobalah perhatikan kanan kiri, di lingkungan sekitar. Kita pastinya akan menemukan beragam makhluk hidup disana. Bisa jadi ada semut yang sedang berjalan di tanah, ada nyamuk yang sedang terbang, katak yang melompat-lompat atau cicak yang NilaiJawabanSoal/Petunjuk ALBINO Kondisi Makhluk Hidup Yang Kekurangan Pigmen MANUSIA Mahluk hidup paling sempurna MUTAN Mahluk hidup yang mengalami mutasi ADAPTASI Penyesuaian mahluk hidup terhadap lingkungannya NAPAS Salah satu ciri-ciri mahluk hidup EKOSISTEM Sistem ekologi hubungan mahluk hidup dengan lingkungannya IMPLAN Bahan buatan yang ditempelkan pada suatu mahluk hidup AKAPNIA Kondisi kekurangan karbon dioksida dalam jaringan dan darah BIOTIK Komponen ... komponen lingkungan yang terdiri atas mahluk hidup EKOLOGI Ilmu tentang hubungan timbal balik antar mahluk hidup dan lingkungannya TAKSONOMI Cabang biologi yang mengelompokan mahluk hidup berdasarkan persamaan dan perbedaan sifatnya AKAL ... budi yang dimiliki manusia tapi tidak dimiliki mahluk hidup lainnya GENUS Salah satu bentuk pengelompokan kalsifikasi mahluk hidup yang tingkatnya di atas spesies ENTOZOIK Keadaan atau cara hidup dalam tubuh mahluk hidup lain seperti amuba yang hidup dalam tubuh binatang atau manusia KOMENSALISME Biol kondisi yang memungkinkan binatangbinatang atau tumbuh-tumbuhan yang bermacam-macam hidup bersama, umumnya dengan makanan yang sama, tanpa banyak saling memberi efek KESUKARAN 1 n hal keadaan dsb sukar; kesulitan; ke susahan banyak ~ yang dapat diatasi; 2 v menderita susah, kekurangan, kemiskinan, dsb hidup mereka selalu dalam TERSESAK 1 terasak atau terdesak hingga menjadi sukar, sulit, dsb; terjepit tt kehidupan dsb ~ hidup, hidup dalam kesukaran; ~ padang ke rimba ke tebing... PANDAI 1 cepat menangkap pelajaran dan mengerti sesuatu; pintar; cerdas anak itu -, rajin, dan jujur; 2 mahir; cakap; dapat sanggup anak itu sudah - mem... MENUMBUHKAN ...buhan yang dapat menunjukkan karakteristik khusus kondisi tanah atau daerah; ~ semusim Tan tumbuhan yang mempunyai daur hidup yang lengkap selama kura... WAWASAN ...i dan lingkungan dengan memperhatikan sejarah dan kondisi sosial budaya serta memanfaatkan konstelasi geografis guna menciptakan dorongan dan rangsang... MATI 1 sudah hilang nyawanya; tidak tumbuh lagi tt tumbuh-tumbuhan pohon jeruk itu sudah - ,akarnya pun sudah busuk, 2 tidak mempunyai nyawa; tidak pe... PUTUS 1 tidak berhubungan sambung lagi karena terpotong dsb kawat telepon itu -; 2 ki tidak ada hubungan lagi; berpisahtt hubungan persahabatan, jali... FAKTOR ...wi, tumbuhan, dan hewan tanah; - ekologi setiap kondisi lingkungan yang memengaruhi kehidupan satu atau lebih organisme; - derau Fis nisbah daya de... URIP Hidup VIVA Hidup Klorosomadalah struktur yang berada tepat dibawah membran plasma dan mengandung pigmen klorofil dan pigmen lainnya untuk proses fotosintesis. Bakteri merupakan salah satu dari kerajaan kelompok makhluk hidup yang sangat kecil. · Car a ini juga dilakukan pada agar tegak untuk meminimalisir pertumbuhan mikroba dalam keadaan kekurangan 8iKxch8.

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kondisi makhluk hidup kekurangan pigmen